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Normativity, Function & Supervenience

A collection of pages around the paper "Normativity, Function, and the Limits of Physicalist Supervenience."

Pages in this folder

PageAudienceDescription
Full submission draft Academic Complete 7-section paper with abstract, all arguments, references (~6,400 words)
Paper analysis Informed readers Summary of the argument with critical assessment and identified weaknesses
Layman's explainer Anyone curious What is a heart for? Accessible introduction with analogies
Stress-test & analysis Philosophers Rigorous critique: objections, gaps, overall verdict and scorecard

The Argument in One Paragraph

Biology talks about functions — the heart's function is to pump blood, not to make sounds (even though it does both). That functional talk is normative: it implies a standard of success and the possibility of failure (malfunction). Standard physicalism says these functional facts are fully grounded in physical and evolutionary history. This paper argues that's wrong: physical history records all a trait's effects equally, and selecting one as "the function" requires an evaluative judgment that physical facts simply can't supply. The selected-effects theory — the best available physicalist response — is shown to presuppose rather than explain the normativity it was meant to naturalize. Biostatistical and causal-role theories fail for related but distinct reasons. The conclusion: physicalists must choose between eliminativism about function or accepting irreducible normativity.

Target Venues

  • Biology & Philosophy
  • Philosophical Studies
  • Synthese
  • Australasian Journal of Philosophy
Stuart Kennedy · 2026